Évaluation des impacts de l'utilisation des terres en analyse du cycle de vie: caractérisation axée sur la qualité des sols

The mechanisms underlying the deterioration of natural environmental quality are mainly anthropogenic. Although they are not intentional, the consequences of human dominance are numerous, especially on natural ecosystems and their sustainability. Given its essential and complex role in maintaining terrestrial ecosystem functioning, the soil performs many fundamental functions. Thus, its ecological quality is crucial. Based on a holistic approach, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a decision-support tool used for the assessment of potential environmental impacts of a product over its entire life cycle. It is well established that land use causes impacts on biodiversity and is a primary source of soil degradation affecting its ecological quality. However, land use impact assessment methods are still lacking within LCA. So far, several published studies have only focused on the assessment of impacts on biodiversity and biotic production capacity, the latter being one ecological function among others. Moreover, the concept of regionalization (i.e. considering different impacts depending on the conditions of the location where they occur) is hardly explored. Indeed, developed within a European context, characterization factors (CFs) are often generic and do not account for spatial differentiation. Therefore, the geographic scope of land use impacts characterization is judged insufficient, creating doubts regarding LCA results credibility, especially for a Canadian context which spreads over several distinct ecological regions. The research hypothesis of this project is as follows: Using a spatial model allows discriminating spatial variability of biogeographical parameters and improves the geo-spatial representativeness of CFs within the context of LCA land use impact assessment. The main goals are: 1) to establish a conceptual framework accounting for LCA land use impacts on soil ecological quality, 2) to develop CFs for a Canadian context using a spatially-explicit approach and 3) to operationalize the approach at a global scale. The conceptual framework is established in order to harmonize major impact pathways suggested in LCA. It mainly focuses on the impact pathway regarding soil ecological quality by considering the multifunctional aspect of soil and emphasizing its contribution to more global ecosystem services at a larger scale. Thus, impacts are evaluated based on the soil's performance to fulfill a range of intended ecological functions and for which impact indicators have to be selected.