A real-time multi-modal transport system: balancing perspectives on users, operators, sustainability, and system-wide efficiency

Ridesharing could offer a solution to urban mobility challenges by enhancing affordability, convenience, and sustainability. This study explores a system designed for transportation hubs with parking facilities, integrating personal vehicles with carpooling options and shuttle services as dynamic transit solutions to serve inbound and outbound ride requests. To capture diverse interests and priorities within urban transportation, we apply column generation to minimize four objectives: user costs, operator costs, emissions, and vehicle underutilization as a system-wide objective. Our evaluation of the proposed system across various scenarios demonstrates its potential to address the complexities of large-scale transportation systems.