Geographical indications: comparing protection models and reviewing scientific literature on wines

Geographical Indications (GIs) are legal tools that identify products whose quality, reputation, or specific characteristics are strongly connected to their place of origin. In the case of wines, GIs are closely linked to quality, as the geographical environment plays a key role in shaping the final product. This sign is adopted in Europe to enhance product competitiveness and promote regional development. This concept is relatively recent in Brazil, though it shows promising potential. This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis—based on a bibliographic survey (n = 60)—of the recognition systems for wine GIs in Brazil and France. The research also identified the most recurrent themes in GI-related wine studies: environment, sensory analysis, chemical and physical analysis, marketing, market, regulation, terroir, and tourism. Both countries have legal frameworks and agencies responsible for GI registration (INPI in Brazil and INAO in France), and both address environmental aspects in the regulatory process. Physical, chemical, and sensory analyses are key in verifying product authenticity. In France, terroir and marketing are emphasized as strategic concepts, with fewer studies on these topics observed in Brazil. French wine marketing practices highlight the importance of promotional strategies. Wines with GIs are perceived by consumers as premium products, often commanding higher prices. Additionally, wine tourism emerges as an essential economic driver for GI regions. The increasing number of publications on GIs and related themes indicates growing global interest in the subject, especially in the wine sector. The findings suggest an expanding commitment in Brazil to the registration of geographical indications to enhance the value of its wine production, with the Vale dos Vinhedos serving as a notable example.